The black ruthenium bath JE12-1 deposits dark up to grey-black ruthenium coatings. The ruthenium electrolyte preserves the brightness and it can be obtained a high colour consistency. The layers have a good grip and impress through their decorative colour. Coatings up to max 0,2-0,5 µm can be deposited. When plating non-precious metals it is recommended to use a pre-gold layer or a pre-palladium layer.Operating data:Ruthenium content: 5.0 g/L RupH-value: 1.0 – 1.6Density: 1.036 g/cm3Operating conditions:Voltage: 2,2-3 VoltBath temperature: 65°C (60-70°C)Exposition time: 2 min. (2-4 min.)Anodes: Platinized titanium, mixes metal oxideAgitation: required, low speedCurrency density: 0.5 – 3 A/dm2Bath filtration: from 10 LiterDeposit rate: 1 – 3 mg/AminDeposit speed: 0.02 µm/min at 1.5 A/dm2Deposition data:Hardness: approx. 800 HVLayer thickness: max. 0.5 µmLayer density: approx. 12 g/cm3